Russia uses the trade agreement with Ukraine as a threat to African and other countries where hunger is increasing and the prices for food, too. He forces these countries into agreements on grain. Nevertheless, Ukraine is already exporting 40% of the grain (in 2023) via Europe and less by ship as the bombing of Ukraine's harbours goes on.

Sources: https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/getreideabkommen-putin-afrika-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html; https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/getreide-aus-der-ukraine-eu-bremst-plaene-russlands-/29269650.html

With the world's population on the rise, a struggle for resources is inevitable. Basic food supply is the first step. Hunger can also be used as a weapon. As a result of a shortage of food, wars can arise.

Sources: https://www.un.org/en/land-natural-resources-conflict/pdfs/Resource%20Rich%20Economies.pdf, world population: UN World Population data; https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/; https://population.un.org/wpp/; https://www.populationpyramid.net/

Analysing the impact of trade agreements and international governance on the global food industry;

Sources: https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/10606-vol3#t=aboutBook

Addressing issues related to food security, equitable access to food, and reducing food disparities is a geopolitical theme and power play.

Sources: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-021-00784-6

Supporting local food systems and the rights of farmers to have control over their food production and distribution.

Sources: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2021.686492/full

Exploring collaborations between public and private sectors to address food-related challenges and promote sustainability

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912421000961

(Global) Policy support to food and agriculture for improving affordability of a healthy diet. Repurposing existing fiscal subsidies is found to provide the largest improvement in the affordability of a healthy diet, particularly if they are shifted from producers to consumers. In this case, agriculture’s GHG emissions are found to fall, but there are potential trade-offs in poverty reduction, farm incomes, total agricultural output and economic recovery.

Sources: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc3017en: p. 87 ff.

Various countries levy a tax on ingredients in foods that are harmful to health, such as fat and sugar, in order to control consumer behaviour. Companies then adjust the recipes of their food and beverages in these markets. In some countries, there is already a tax on sugar, in other countries, this is discussed.

Sources: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nbu.12460; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2022.06.002; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003412

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) remains a cornerstone of European integration. Like any venerable entity, the CAP has undergone multiple changes during its existence. In each of its versions, the CAP focused on a set of objectives, mobilised a series of policy instruments, and allocated budget. There are different paths into the future of the CAP imaginable.

Sources:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357826445_Modelling_environmental_and_climate_ambition_in_the_agric ultural_sector_with_the_CAPRI_model#fullTextFileContent

The conflict between China and the USA over the island republic of Taiwan continues to heat up. China wants to "re-unify" with Taiwan, but this is an important ally for the US. On the other hand, China is more and more a rival on international markets. The major threat concerns the global food chains that may be disrupted in such a conflict. China is dependent on imports, but the same for Taiwan. And for many foods and resources, African countries and even Europe are dependent on China. The interwoven situation of global trade will be challenged by this potential conflict and is already by the threat with this conflict on a potential horizon. Most countries react with general strategies or in a military way. The U.S. military is apparently working to increase the range of its missiles, the Reuters news agency reports, citing two congressional staffers and two U.S. officials. According to the report, the U.S. government is considering upgrading its weapons to give the U.S. military an advantage in the Pacific and to be able to operate farther away from China.

Sources: https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/ausland/internationale-politik/id_100218228/china-und-die-usa-im-taiwan-konflikt-ringen-zwischen-den-supermaechten.html; https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/2608578/810fdade376b1467f20bdb697b2acd58/china-strategie-data.pdf; https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/xis-plan-chinas-economy-doomed-

failhttps://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/end-china-economic-miracle-beijing-washington;https://www.foreignaffairs.com/india/can-india-bring-russia-and-ukraine-table

On 20 July, India banned exports of non-basmati white rice in an attempt to calm rising domestic prices at home. This was followed by reports and videos of panic buying and empty rice shelves at Indian grocery stores in the US and Canada, driving up prices in the process. There are thousands of varieties of rice that are grown and consumed but four main groups are traded globally. The slender long grain Indica rice comprises the bulk of the global trade, while the rest is made up of fragrant or aromatic rice like basmati; the short-grained Japonica, used for sushi and risottos; and glutinous or sticky rice, used for sweets. But can India feed the world during Ukraine war? India is the world's top rice exporter, accounting for some 40% of the global trade in cereal. (Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan and the US are the other top exporters).

Source:   https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66360064?mc_cid=d51f6bef2d&mc_eid=1130fb3ebc